125 lines
6.4 KiB
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125 lines
6.4 KiB
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From sentto-2242572-56013-1034075904-zzzz=spamassassin.taint.org@returns.groups.yahoo.com Tue Oct 8 12:27:27 2002
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Date: Tue, 08 Oct 2002 12:17:28 +0100
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Subject: [zzzzteana] Nobel astrophysicists
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Nobel Honors 3 for Astrophysics Work
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Tuesday October 8, 2002 12:00 PM
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STOCKHOLM, Sweden (AP) - Two Americans and a Japanese won the Nobel Prize in
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physics Tuesday for using some of the most obscure particles and waves in
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nature to understand the workings of astronomy's grandest wonders.
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Riccardo Giacconi, 71, of the Associated Universities Inc. in Washington,
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D.C., will get half of the $1 million prize for his role in ``pioneering
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contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic
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X-ray sources.''
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Raymond Davis, Jr., 87, of the University of Pennsylvania shares the other
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half of the prize with Japanese scientist Masatoshi Koshiba, 76, of the
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University of Tokyo. The two men pioneered the construction of giant
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underground chambers to detect neutrinos, elusive particles that stream from
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the sun by the billion.
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Neutrinos offer an unparalleled view of the sun's inner workings because
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they are produced in its heart by the same process that causes it to shine.
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In fact, Davis' early experiments, performed during the 1960s in a South
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Dakota gold mine, confirmed that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion.
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Koshiba won his share of the prize for his work at the Kamiokande neutrino
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detector in Japan. That experiment confirmed and extended Davis' work, and
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also discovered neutrinos coming from distant supernova explosions, some of
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the brightest objects in the universe.
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The Italian-born Giacconi, a U.S. citizen, was awarded half of the prize for
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building the first X-ray telescopes that provided ``completely new - and
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sharp - images of the universe,'' the academy said.
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His research laid the foundation for X-ray astronomy, which has led to the
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discovery of black holes and allowed researchers to peer deep into the
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hearts of the dusty young galaxies where stars are born.
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When academy officials reached Giacconi by phone at his home outside
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Washington, he said he was ``dumbstruck'' to learn of the prize. Koshiba
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also was phoned at home in Tokyo, but the academy was still trying to reach
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Davis, spokesman Erling Norrby said.
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This year's Nobel awards started Monday with the naming of Britons Sydney
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Brenner, 75, and Sir John E. Sulston, 60, and American H. Robert Horvitz,
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55, as winners of the medicine prize, selected by a committee at the
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Karolinska Institute.
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The researchers shared it for discoveries about how genes regulate organ
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growth and a process of programmed cell deaths that shed light on how
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viruses and bacteria invade human cells, including in conditions such as
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AIDS, strokes, cancer and heart attacks.
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The winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry will be named on Wednesday
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morning and the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of
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Alfred Nobel later the same day.
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The literature prize winner will be announced on Thursday, the Swedish
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Academy said on Tuesday.
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The winner of the coveted peace prize - the only one not awarded in Sweden -
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will be announced Friday in Oslo, Norway.
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The award committees make their decisions in deep secrecy and candidates are
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not publicly revealed for 50 years.
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Alfred Nobel, the wealthy Swedish industrialist and inventor of dynamite who
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endowed the prizes left only vague guidelines for the selection committees.
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In his will he said the prize being revealed on Tuesday should be given to
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those who ``shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind'' and
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``shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field
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of physics.''
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The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which also chooses the chemistry and
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economics winners, invited nominations from previous recipients and experts
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in the fields before cutting down its choices. Deliberations are conducted
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in strict secrecy.
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The prizes are presented on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death in
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1896, in Stockholm and in Oslo.
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---
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On the Net:
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Nobel site, http://www.nobel.se
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